• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
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    • 专利摘要:
    Accumulator and converter of solar thermal energy provided with a cylindrical geometry vessel with a phase change material inside and a cylindrical optical cavity at its center, defined by the internal walls of the vessel and an opening. Within said cavity, on the axis thereof, is located a thermal emitter. A thermal insulating cover surrounds the vessel except in two portions, one corresponding to the opening and another corresponding to the position of a thermophotovoltaic converter, where the converter is located on the same axis as the emitter, aligned with the insulating cover. Thus, the power generation capacity increases during the charging phase of the system and, in addition, a greater conversion efficiency is achieved by achieving a uniform temperature profile in the emitter. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
    公开号:ES2610628A1
    申请号:ES201631596
    申请日:2016-12-15
    公开日:2017-04-28
    发明作者:Alejandro DATAS MEDINA；Antonio Martí Vega；Carlos Del Cañizo Nadal；Antonio Luque López
    申请人:Universidad Politecnica de Madrid；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    Solar thermal energy accumulator and converter
    SECTOR OF THE TECHNIQUE
    The invention belongs to the sector of the accumulation and transformation of solar thermal energy into electricity by means of thermo-photovoltaic devices.
    BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
    In recent years, different types of solar energy accumulation systems have been described in the form of latent heat in phase change materials and that use thermo-photovoltaic converters to produce electricity from the accumulated heat [1] - [7]. In these systems, solar energy is concentrated in a high melting point material, which, when changing from solid to liquid phase stores said energy in the form of latent heat of phase change. The thermo-photovoltaic converter is used to produce electricity from incandescent thermal radiation from an emitting material that is in intimate contact with the phase change material. These converters do not need physical contact with the emitter, so the latter can reach very high temperatures. This allows to work with phase change materials with a very high melting point (such as silicon, nickel or iron), which are characterized by having a latent heat of very high phase change, which allows to reach energy densities also very high Therefore, unlike other systems that use turbines for the conversion of heat into electricity, the use of thermo-photovoltaic converters makes it possible to manufacture very compact, silent systems (lacking moving parts) and with lower maintenance requirements and a higher level of safety. , since they lack heat transfer fluids and all the subsystems that their use entails, such as the use of pressurized fluids, valves and pipes.
    In the majority of designs that have been proposed to date to manufacture these systems [1] - [3] [4] - [6], the phase change material is contained in a vessel characterized by one of its Walls (absorbent) is arranged to absorb solar radiation, and another (emitter) is arranged to emit thermal radiation towards the thermo-photovoltaic converter. The rest of the vessel walls are covered by a thermal insulator. These systems consist of two processes: the loading and unloading of energy. During the charging process, sunlight strikes the absorbent surface of the


    vessel, generating heat that is transferred to the phase change material, which changes from solid to liquid state by storing solar energy in the form of latent phase change heat. During the discharge process, the latent heat contained in the liquid phase of said material is transferred to the emitter, which radiates said heat in the form of photons to the thermo-photovoltaic converter, which directly produces electricity. During the discharge process the phase change material tends to solidify around the emitter, creating a solid crust that hinders the flow of heat from the liquid phase to the emitter. Therefore, one of the challenges of these systems is to maximize the heat transfer through this layer, for which the use of thermal alterations [1], or generically, the use of materials for changing phase with very high solid phase thermal conductivities.
    However, the underlying problem of the systems described in [1] - [6] is related to the fact that the average distance between the surface of the emitter and any point of the phase change material contained in the vessel is very high . This causes that the thickness of the solid crust that is created during the discharge process around the emitter is very thick and prevents the emitter from reaching a sufficiently high temperature and therefore, that the conversion of thermal radiation into electricity is efficient. This problem is especially relevant for large systems, where the average distances between the emitter and the different points of the phase change material are greater. Therefore, these designs are seriously limited in terms of total energy storage capacity.
    This problem has been solved in the design described in [7], through the use of a cylindrical vessel, whose internal walls make up the emitter. In this way, the emitter is at a much smaller average distance from any point of the phase change material, which substantially improves the heat transfer from the liquid phase of the phase change material to the emitter, and allows it reach a higher temperature throughout the download process. In addition, this geometry makes it possible to increase the volumetric capacity of the container without damaging the heat transfer from the liquid phase to the emitter. This can be achieved simply by increasing the internal and external radii of the cylinders that form the coaxial cylinder vessel in the same proportion. Therefore, this design is more easily scalable than the previous ones.
    However, the design described in [7] does not solve two important problems. The first has to do with the dynamics of operation, since in this design the generator 3 10


    Thermo-photovoltaic will not produce electrical power during much of the system charging process, as long as the emitter has not reached a sufficiently high temperature. This process can take several hours and therefore can be a serious inconvenience when managing the electrical production of the system. This problem has to do with the fact that the loading and unloading processes in the system described in [7], occur sequentially, on separate surfaces of the vessel: one of them comprises the absorbent (charge), and the other comprises the emitter (discharge). Both surfaces are separated by the phase change material, which functions as a buffer between the solar energy absorbed in the first, and the thermal radiation that illuminates the thermo-photovoltaic converter in the second. So that the solar energy absorbed in the absorbent surface is not transferred to the emitting surface immediately, but must wait until the phase change material has reached a sufficiently high temperature in practically all of its volume.
    The second problem that does not solve the design described in [7] is the lack of uniformity of the lighting of the thermo-photovoltaic converter, which can imply a considerable deterioration of its conversion efficiency. During the discharge process the system described in [7], the phase change material solidifies in a non-uniform way around the emitter (formed by the bottom of the inner walls of the vessel), which results in a temperature profile not uniform, which in turn causes a non-uniform lighting profile of the thermo-photovoltaic converter. For converters of a relevant size, where the converter will be constituted by a series of thermo-photovoltaic cells connected in series, the lack of uniformity will cause the converter's output current to be limited by that cell that generates the least of the currents. This will imply strong electrical losses in the converter.
    Therefore, the object of this invention is to achieve a thermal accumulation and thermo-photovoltaic generation system capable of extracting the maximum electrical power during the periods of loading and unloading of the system, and which at the same time is easily scalable, being able to increase the accumulation capacity of the system without causing a deterioration of the power generation of the thermo-photovoltaic generator.
    SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
    The invention consists of a solar energy storage device in the form of latent heat of phase change in high melting materials and in the conversion.


    direct of said heat in electricity by means of thermo-photovoltaic converters, in which the process of accumulation of solar energy and the production of electrical power occur simultaneously, and therefore electrical energy is produced without the need for the phase change material reached a high temperature in its entirety and in which large volumes of phase change material can be accumulated without implying a deterioration of the power generation capacity of the system.
    Referring to Figure 1, the invention comprises a solar thermal energy accumulator and converter provided with a cylindrical geometry vessel (1) comprising the phase change material (3), provided with a cylindrical optical cavity (7) in its center, defined by the internal walls of the vessel (1.2) and an opening (6). Within said cavity there is a thermal emitter (4). A thermal insulating cover (2) surrounds the vessel except in two portions, one corresponding to the opening (6) and another corresponding to the position of a thermo-photovoltaic converter (5). Solar radiation (8) penetrates the cavity (7) through the opening (6) and is absorbed into the inner walls of the vessel (1.2) and the thermal emitter (4). The thermal emitter (4) is located on the longitudinal axis of said cylindrical optical cavity (7) at a variable height and is visible by the thermo-photovoltaic converter (5), which is located on the same axis and aligned with the insulating cover (2). ). The function of the thermal emitter (4) is to absorb both the incident solar radiation (8) and the thermal radiation (9) emitted by the internal walls of the vessel (1.2) and re-emit part of said energy to the converter thermo-photovoltaic (5).
    As in [7] the cylindrical configuration of the cavity (7) allows the surface of the vessel (1), arranged for heat exchange between the cavity (7) and the phase change material (3), is much larger than in [1] - [6], which allows a large volume of phase change material to be placed in the vicinity of the inner walls (1.2). This allows manufacturing large capacity systems where the heat transfer between the phase change material and the cavity (7) is very efficient.
    The advantages of this system, with respect to [7], are two: first, the ability to generate electric power during the charging phase of the system, and second, greater conversion efficiency by achieving a uniform temperature profile in the transmitter. Both advantages are due to the arrangement of the thermal emitter (4) and the thermo-photovoltaic converter (5).


    First, the system will produce electricity during the charging process because both the thermal emitter (4) and the internal walls of the vessel (1.2) are simultaneously heated by sunlight, both reaching very high temperatures without the need for the phase change material (3) has reached high temperatures throughout its volume. In this way, the system load is produced simultaneously through the internal walls of the vessel (1.2) and the power generation through the thermo-photovoltaic converter (5) that is illuminated by the emitter (4).
    Secondly, the emitter will reach a uniform temperature profile thanks to the fact that each point of the thermal emitter (4) is heated by radiation from all points of the internal walls of the vessel (1.2), which integrates the possible faults temperature uniformity of the walls (1.2) and results in a homogeneous heating of said emitter, and consequently also of the thermo-photovoltaic converter. This avoids possible problems of lack of uniformity of lighting of said converter, which would lead to an inefficient conversion process.
    Finally, another advantage of this configuration with respect to [7] refers to the placement of the thermo-photovoltaic converter (5) in a position easily accessible from the outside, thus facilitating its cooling and eventual replacement by the maintenance operators. In a particular implementation a light tube is incorporated in the shaft of the cavity (7), the thermo-photovoltaic converter (5) being located at one end of the tube and the thermal emitter (4) inside the tube, for example in its end Alternatively, the emitter may be dispersed in the tube. The tube can extend to the opening so that sunlight directly hits the end of said tube. Optionally, the opening may be covered by a selective spectral filter adapted to prevent the passage of infrared thermal radiation emitted from the cavity to the outside. Also optionally, the opening can consist of a reflector and an optical window. The issuer can be a selective issuer. Optionally, the cavity is sealed and isolated from the outside and comprises inside an inert gas. The vessel can be graphite, silicon carbide, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum or molybdenum disilicide.
    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
    In order to help a better understanding of the features of the invention and to complement this description, the following figures are attached as an integral part thereof, the character of which is illustrative and not limiting:


    Fig. 1 shows a solar thermal energy accumulator according to the invention, where the thermal emitter (4) is located at one end of the optical cavity (7) and the thermo-photovoltaic converter (5) is placed directly on it.
    5 Fig. 2 shows the integration of the embodiment described in Fig. 1 in a field ofheliostats (14).
    Fig. 3 shows a solar thermal energy accumulator similar to that of Fig. 1 where the emitter (4) and the thermo-photovoltaic converter (5) are located at the bottom and the opening of
    10 input to concentrated sunlight (6) is located at the top.
    Fig. 4 shows a possible embodiment in which the emitter (4) is located in the center of the cavity (7) and is deposited at one of the ends of a light tube (12), at whose opposite end it is located the thermo-photovoltaic converter (5).
    Fig. 5 shows another possible embodiment similar to Fig. 4 in which the thermal emitter (4) is a super-emissive material that is embedded within the light tube itself (6).
    Fig. 6 shows an embodiment similar to that of Fig. 4 in which the light tube extends
    20 until opening (6), and concentrated sunlight directly affects said end of the light tube.
    DETAILED DESCRIPTION
    The vessel (1) comprises a refractory material. In a possible embodiment, the vessel can be manufactured using high melting point ceramics (> 2000 ° C) and high thermal conductivity (> 20 W / m-K) such as graphite or silicon carbide. In this case, the inner part of the vessel that will be in contact with the phase change material (3), may be coated with a layer of high corrosion resistance material, such as tantalum. In
    In another possible embodiment, the vessel can be manufactured directly by means of metals of high melting point (> 2000 ° C) and high thermal conductivity (> 20 W / mK) such as tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum and its alloys, such as molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) .
    The insulating cover (2) comprises a refractory material. In a possible embodiment, the
    The roof can be manufactured entirely by means of ceramic compounds with a high melting point (> 2000ºC) and low thermal conductivity (<1 W / m-K) such as alumina fibers or bricks


    alumina or mulite refractories. In another possible embodiment, the cover can be manufactured by a combination of a ceramic cover, closer to the vessel and of smaller thickness than in the previous embodiment, and a multilayer system, in which thin layers of low emissivity metal are intercalated and high melting point, such as molybdenum or nickel, with thin ceramic layers of low thermal conductivity and high melting point, such as quartz or zirconia fiber.
    The phase change material (3) comprises a metal of high melting point (> 1000 ° C) but of lower melting point than that of the vessel, high thermal conductivity (> 20 W / mk) of the solid phase at nearby temperatures to the melting point and high latent heat of phase change (> 400 Wh / m3), such as silicon, nickel or iron.
    The emitter (4) comprises a refractory material. In one possible embodiment, the emitter is manufactured in a refractory ceramic with a high melting point (> 2000 ° C), high thermal conductivity (> 20 W / m-K) and high emissivity (> 0.8) such as graphite or silicon carbide. In another possible embodiment, the emitter is manufactured by a metal with a high melting point (> 2000 ° C) and high thermal conductivity (> 20 W / m-K) such as tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum or molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2). The face of the emitter seen by the converter (5) can incorporate a selective emitter so that the radiation received by the thermo-photovoltaic converter (5) is spectrally selective and consists mostly of photons with energy greater than the energy corresponding to the semiconductor bandwidth used to manufacture the thermo-photovoltaic cell of the converter (5).
    In a possible embodiment (Fig. 4), the thermal emitter (4) is located at one end of a light tube (12) at whose opposite end the thermo-photovoltaic converter (5) is located, so that the radiation emitted by the emitter (4) is guided by total internal reflection (13) to the converter. When the light tube (12) has a refractive index greater than the surrounding medium (air, an inert gas, or vacuum) and the emitter (4) is in close contact with it, the light output of the emitter ( 4) emits through the light tube (12) is greater than that emitted in a vacuum by a factor that is the square of the refractive index of the light tube. This allows to increase the surface density of light power that affects the thermo-photovoltaic converter (5) and thereby increase the density of electric power generated by the converter. This is particularly relevant for the present invention since it allows to increase the ratio of electric power generated by the converter (5) with respect to the solar power in the opening (6), which allows to reach an optimum balance between the input power and the system output power that results in a temperature of


    Optimum cavity, and thus increase the efficiency of conversion of solar energy into electricity. In addition, the use of the light tube (12) allows, through multiple internal reflections (13), a greater uniformity of the radiation incident on the thermo-photovoltaic converter (5).
    The light tube (12) comprises a solid transparent material, with a high melting point (> 1800 ° C), high refractive index (n> 1.3) and low thermal conductivity (<20 W / m-K). In one possible embodiment, the light tube is manufactured in YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet), quartz or zinc selenide.
    In another possible embodiment (Fig. 5) the thermal emitter (4) can be manufactured from a luminescent material that is embedded within the light tube itself (12). The advantage of this embodiment is that the luminescent material is dispersed in the light tube itself, which gives it mechanical stability. In addition, the luminescent materials emit radiation in a narrow wavelength range, which can be adjusted to the absorption spectrum of the thermo-photovoltaic converter (5) to increase its efficiency.
    In another possible embodiment (Fig. 6) the thermal emitter is a luminescent material that is embedded within the light tube itself (12) and the light tube extends to the opening (6). The advantage of this embodiment is that part of the concentrated sunlight, specifically those rays (8.2) with an angle of incidence small enough to produce total internal reflection within the light tube, is guided directly to the emitter (4), producing the direct conversion of sunlight into luminescent thermal radiation that is re-emitted to the converter (5). This results in greater electrical power during those periods when there is solar radiation. Those rays with angles of incidence greater than the critical angle (8.1) are absorbed in the walls (1.2) of the vessel and contribute to heat the phase change material (3). In this embodiment, the end of the light tube located in the opening (6) will be covered by a spectral selective filter that does not allow the passage of infrared thermal radiation emitted from the cavity (7) to the outside, especially those emitted photons by the emitter (4), and on the contrary, if it allows the passage of solar radiation into the cavity. This filter can be manufactured with a multilayer system that produces a destructive interference in the reflection for those frequencies corresponding to the spectrum of infrared radiation coming from the cavity (7) in general and the emitter (4) in particular.


    The thermo-photovoltaic converter (5) comprises at least one thermo-photovoltaic cell (5.2) arranged on a substrate (5.1) whose purpose is to conduct the heat generated in the cell to a heat sink (11). The thermo-photovoltaic cell can be manufactured using at least one semiconductor material (for example Silicon, GaAs, Germanium, GaSb InGaAs, InGaAsSb, etc.) with the optimum bandwidth for the emitter's light emission spectrum (depending on its temperature) and forming at least one p / n junction (cathode / anode) to make the selective contacts of electrons and holes generated internally in the semiconductor material. The converter substrate can be manufactured using a DBC (direct bonded copper) substrate located above a metal support made of copper or aluminum, which conducts the heat generated in the cell to a heat sink consisting of a conduit through which a fluid circulates refrigerant. The DBC substrate allows the electrical isolation of the cell from the metal support and in turn, a good conduction of the heat generated in the cell towards the heatsink. In the case of more than one cell, these can be interconnected in series to form a matrix of cells.
    The inlet opening (6) is arranged to collect the incoming solar radiation and confine it in the optical cavity (7), where it is absorbed. In a possible embodiment, the opening (6) consists of a reflector (6.1) and an optical window (6.2). The reflector (6.1) is made of a high reflectivity metal (> 90%), such as aluminum, and is arranged to reflect the incident solar radiation into the cavity (7). The window (6.2) is made of a material transparent to solar radiation and with a high melting point (> 1500ºC), such as quartz. Said window consists of an interferential filter located on both sides that blocks the passage of infrared radiation emitted by the cavity towards the outside, and in turn allows the passage of solar radiation into the cavity (7).
    The optical cavity (7) is limited by the internal walls of the vessel (1.2), the emitter (4) (in various embodiments), the opening (6) and some small portions of the insulating cover (2). The purpose of this cavity is twofold: to absorb the solar radiation and transfer the heat of the phase change material towards the emitter (4) so that it reaches a uniform temperature throughout its surface, which allows a uniform generation of electricity in the thermo-photovoltaic converter. In a possible embodiment, the cavity is sealed and isolated from the outside, and an atmosphere of an inert gas, such as argon, has been created inside, which prevents oxidation of the materials that form it.


    REFERENCES
    [1] K. W. Stone, R. E. Drubka, S. M. Kusek, and M. Douglas, “A space solarthermophotovoltaic power system, ”1996, pp. 1001–1006.
    [2] M. Emziane and M. Alhosani, “Sensitivity analysis of a solar thermophotovoltaic system
    5 with silicon thermal storage, ”in 2014 3rd International Symposium on EnvironmentalFriendly Energies and Applications (EFEA), 2014, pp. 1–5.
    [3] MR Gilpin, DB Scharfe, MP Young, and AP Pancotti, “Molten Boron Phase-Change Thermal Energy Storage to Augment Solar Thermal Propulsion Systems,” presented at the 47th AIAA Joint Propulsion Conference, San Diego, CA (US), 2011
    10 [4] D. L. Chubb, B. S. Good, and R. A. Lowe, “Solar thermophotovoltaic (STPV) system with thermal energy storage,” 1995, pp. 181–198.
    [5] A. Datas, D. L. Chubb, and A. Veeraragavan, "Steady state analysis of a storage integrated solar thermophotovoltaic (SISTPV) system," Sol. Energy, vol. 96, pp. 33–45, 2013.
    15 [6] A. Veeraragavan, L. Montgomery, and A. Datas, “Night time performance of a storage integrated solar thermophotovoltaic (SISTPV) system,” Sol. Energy, vol. 108, no. 0, pp. 377–389, Oct. 2014.
    [7] A. Datas, A. Ramos, A. Martí, C. del Cañizo, and A. Luque, “Ultra high temperature latent
    heat energy storage and thermophotovoltaic energy conversion, ”Energy, vol. 107, pp. 20 542-549, Jul. 2016.

    权利要求:
    Claims (9)
    [1]
    1. Accumulator and solar thermal energy converter equipped with a vesselcylindrical geometry (1) with a phase change material (3) inside and a cavity5 cylindrical optics (7) in its center, defined by the internal walls of the vessel (1.2) and aopening (6), characterized in that within said cavity, on the axis thereof, it is locateda thermal emitter (4), and where a thermal insulating cover (2) surrounds the vessel (1) exceptin two parts, one corresponding to the opening (6) and another corresponding to the positionof a thermo-photovoltaic converter (5), where the converter (5) is located on the same axis as
    10 the emitter (4), aligned with the insulating cover (2).
    [2]
    2. Accumulator according to claim 1 wherein a light tube (12) is incorporated in the shaft of the cavity (7), the thermo-photovoltaic converter (5) being located at one end of the tube
    (12) and the emitter (4) in or on the tube itself. fifteen
    [3]
    3. Accumulator according to claim 2 wherein the emitter (4) is dispersed in the tube (12).
    [4]
    4. Accumulator according to claim 2 wherein the emitter (4) is located at the other end 20 of the tube (12).
    [5]
    5. Accumulator according to claim 2 wherein said light tube (12) extends to the opening (6) so that sunlight directly hits the end of said tube (12).
    [6]
    6. Accumulator according to claim 4 wherein the end of the light tube located in the opening (6) is covered by a selective spectral filter adapted to prevent the passage of infrared thermal radiation emitted from the cavity (7) to the outside.
    7. Accumulator according to any of the preceding claims wherein the opening (6) consists of a reflector (6.1) and an optical window (6.2)
    [8]
    8. Accumulator according to any of the preceding claims wherein the emitter (4) is a selective emitter.

    [9]
    9. Accumulator according to any of the preceding claims wherein the cavity (7) is sealed and isolated from the outside and comprises an inert gas inside.
    [10]
    10. Accumulator according to any of the preceding claims wherein the vessel (1) is made of graphite, silicon carbide, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum or molybdenum disilicide.


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    US20150256119A1|2014-03-05|2015-09-10|Universidad Politécnica de Madrid|Electric energy storage system|
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